![]() ![]() When we studied a mechanical system, we focused on the forces and torques on the system, and their balances dictated the mechanical equilibrium of the system. ![]() However, when we discuss a thermodynamic system in this chapter, we study those that have uniform properties throughout the system.īefore we can carry out any study on a thermodynamic system, we need a fundamental characterization of the system. You could have, for example, a temperature gradient across the system. Any thermodynamic system is therefore treated as a continuum that has the same behavior everywhere inside. In other words, we concentrate on the macroscopic properties of the system, which are the averages of the microscopic properties of all the molecules or entities in the system. When we examine a thermodynamic system, we ignore the difference in behavior from place to place inside the system for a given moment. (credit a: modification of work by Gina Hamilton) A little steam escapes through the top valve to prevent explosion. ![]() (b) A pressure cooker is a good approximation to a closed system. It transfers heat and matter (steam) to its surroundings. \): (a) This boiling tea kettle is an open thermodynamic system.
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